神经系统(一).ppt

　　1张

　　Nervous system 神经系统

　　2张

　　标题： 一、Divisions of nervous system

　　正文： Ⅰ) Central nervous system (CNS) 中枢神经系

　　(Gp:) Pons 脑桥

　　(Gp:) Midbrain 中脑

　　(Gp:) Medulla oblongata 延髓

　　(Gp:) Cerebellum 小脑

　　(Gp:) Telencephalon 端脑

　　(Gp:) Diencephalon 间脑

　　(Gp:) Brain stem 脑干

　　CNS

　　(Gp:) Spinal cord 脊髓

　　(Gp:) Brain 脑

　　3张

　　标题： Ⅱ) Peripheral nervous system (PNS)周围神经系统

　　(Gp:) PNS

　　(Gp:) Visceral motor n. 内脏运动神经

　　(Gp:) Visceral sensory n. 内脏感觉神经

　　(Gp:) Sympathetic part 交感神经

　　(Gp:) Parasympathetic part 副交感神经

　　按与中枢的连接部位

　　(Gp:) Cranial n.脑神经 (12 pairs) Spinal n.脊神经 (31 pairs)

　　按分布 的 对象

　　(Gp:) Somatic sensory n.躯体感觉神经 Somatic motor n.躯体运动神经

　　(Gp:) Visceral n. 内脏神经

　　(Gp:) Somatic nerve 躯体神经

　　4张

　　正文： I. Essential strunctures of nervous system

　　(Gp:) cell body 胞体

　　(Gp:) Dendrites 树突

　　(Gp:) Axon 轴突

　　glial cell神经胶质细胞

　　Bipolar neuron 双极神经元 Pseudounipolar neuron 假单极神经元 Multipolar neuron 多极神经元

　　(Gp:) central branch 中枢支 peripheral branch 周围支

　　(Gp:) Neurons 神经元

　　(Gp:) Nuroglia: 神经胶质

　　Ⅰ) Structural classification

　　二、神 经 系 统 组 成

　　5张

　　标题：  Afferent (sensory) neuron 传入(感觉)神经元 Efferent (motor) neuron 传出(运动)神经元 Association neuron (interneuron) 联络(中间)神经元

　　Ⅱ) Functional classification 依功能分类

　　6张

　　标题： Nerve fiber神经纤维: 神经元较长的突起被髓鞘和神经膜包绕,称为神经纤维. myelinated nerve fiber 有髓纤维  unmyelinated nerve fiber 无髓纤维

　　Nerve 神经：神经纤维在周围聚集在一起称为神经。

　　7张

　　II、reflex 反射 与 reflex arc 反射弧

　　Reflex: a reaction of the organism by the nervous system in response to a stimulus

　　Reflex arc: consist of 5 basic components

　　centre中枢

　　(Gp:) efferent neuron 传出神经

　　(Gp:) effector 效应器

　　(Gp:) afferent neuron 传入神经

　　(Gp:) receptor 感受器

　　8张

　　标题： Spinal nerves 脊神经 ???????????????

　　Formation: each spinal nerve is formed by union of anterior and posterior roots at intervertebral foramen

　　The anterior root 前根-contains motor fibers for skeletal muscles.

　　The posterior root后根-contains sensory fibers whose cell bodies are in the spinal ganglion脊神经节.

　　9张

　　标题： Spinal nerves 脊神经 ???????????????

　　正文： Spinal ganglia脊神经节 is an enlargement of the posterior root near the intervertebral foramen which consist of the bodies of pseudounipolar neurons 假单极神经元。

　　10张

　　标题： Divisions of spinal nerves 脊神经的分部

　　正文： : cervical nerves 颈神经 8对 thoracic nerves 胸神经: 12对 lumbar nerves 腰神经: 5对 sacral nerves 骶神经 :5对 coccygeal nerve 尾神经: 1对

　　31对脊神经分为5 部分

　　11张

　　标题： The fiber components of spinal cors  脊神经的纤维成分

　　正文： Somatic afferent (sensory) nerve fibers 躯体感觉纤维: 由脊神经节中的假单极神经元的中枢突形成，周围突分布于皮肤、骨骼肌、肌腱和关节。 Visceral afferent (sensory) nerve fibers 内脏感觉纤维: 也由脊神经节中的假单极神经元的中枢突形成, 周围突分布于内脏、心血管和腺体。

　　There are four types of fibers contained in the spinal n.

　　Somatic efferent (motor) nerve fibers 躯体运动纤维：发自脊髓前角，分布于骨骼肌。 Visceral efferent (motor) nerve fibers 内脏运动纤维：分布于心肌、平滑肌和 腺体。

　　12张

　　标题： branches of spinal nerves 脊神经的分支

　　anterior branche 前 支 posterior branche 后 支 meningeal branch 脊膜支 communicating branc 交通支: 连于交感干。

　　Each spinal n. is divided into 4 branches after leaving the intervertebral foramen immediately

　　13张

　　posterior branche 脊神经后支：为混合性，较细小， 分布于 项、背、 腰、骶部深层肌肉及皮肤。

　　anterior branche 脊神经前支：粗大，为混合性，除胸部外，前 支先交织成丛，然后再分支分布于躯 干前外侧 和四肢， 脊神经前支形 成的丛有：

　　(Gp:) cervical plexus 颈丛、 branchial plexus 臂丛 lumbar plexus 腰丛 sacral plexus 骶丛。

　　14张

　　标题： 二、cervical plexus颈丛

　　正文： Formation 构成： it consists of the anterior rami of C1-C4 nerves. Branches分支： Cutaneous branches皮支--分布到颈前部皮肤， Muscular brnches肌支--支配颈部深层的肌肉。 ???

　　15张

　　Cutaneous branches: Lesser occipital 枕小神经 Great auricular 耳大神经 Transverse nerve of neck 颈横神经 Supraclavicular nerves 锁骨上神经 They emerge around middle of posterior border of sternocleidomastoid, to supply skin of neck and scalp between auricle and external occipital protuberance

　　Branches

　　16张

　　Muscular branches: supply the deep muscles of neck Phrenic nerve 膈神经arises from the of C3-C5, innervation to diaphragm;

　　17张

　　标题： Phrenic nerve 膈神经

　　Sensory fibers supply to pleurae, pericardium and peritoneum of diaphragm; usually right phrenic nerve may be distributed on live, gallbladder and biliary system.

　　18张

　　标题： 二、 brachial plexus臂丛 ?

　　正文： Passes through the scalene fissure (斜角肌间隙) to posterosuperior of subclavian artery, then enters the axilla to form three cords(束) which around the axillary atery.

　　Formation ： Formed by anterior rami of C5-C8 and T1 nerves

　　Position ：

　　Medial cord 内侧束、 Lateral cord 外侧束 Posterior cord 后束

　　19张

　　标题： 二、 brachial plexus臂丛 ?

　　正文： Median nerve 正中神经 Musculocutaineous nerve 肌皮神经 Ulnar nerve 尺神经 Axillary nerve 腋神经 Radial nerve 桡神经

　　Branches 分支

　　20张

　　21张

　　标题： Anterior branche of thoracic nerve胸神经前支

　　正文： Intercostal nerves 肋间神经(T1-T11)， 行于相应的肋间隙中;

　　胸神经前支 共12对，

　　Distribution: intercostales 肋间肌 anterolateral abdominal muscles腹前外侧壁肌; skin of thoracic and abdominal wall, parietal pleura and peritoneum

　　Subcostal nerve(T2) 肋下神经 ，第12肋下方。

　　22张

　　Anterior branches of thoracic nerves

　　The distribution of the anterior branches of the thoracic n. is segmental. T2 Sternal angle T4 Nipple 乳头 T6 Xiphoid process T8 Costal arch T10 Umbilicus 脐 T12 Midpoint between umbilicus and symphysis pubis

　　23张

　　标题： 四、lumbar plexus腰 丛?

　　anterior rami of L1-L3, a part of anterior rami of T12 and L4

　　Formation:

　　position ：lies behind the psoas major and beside the lumbar vertera 腰椎两侧，腰大肌的深面，

　　24张

　　标题： branches：

　　Femoral 股神经 Obturator 闭孔神经 Cutaneous 股外侧皮神经 Genitofemoral 生殖股神经 Iliohypogastric 髂腹下神经 Ilioinguinal 髂腹股沟神经 Lateral femoral

　　25张

　　route： Runs downward and laterally between psoas major and iliacus, passes deep to inguinal ligament; disribution muscular branches---supplies anterior thigh muscles (quadriceps股四头肌, sartorius 缝匠肌and pectineus耻骨肌),

　　Femoral n. 股神经

　　26张

　　sensory branches--- hip and knee joint, and skin on anteromedial side of thigh, saphenous nerve 隐神经 is distributed to skin of medial side of leg and foot

　　Femoral n. 股神经

　　27张

　　Route： Enters thigh through obturator foramen; Distribution： muscular branches--- supplies medial group of muscles of thigh股内侧群肌, obturator externus闭孔外肌, sensory branches--- skin of medial side of thigh

　　Obturator 闭孔神经

　　28张

　　标题： Lateral femoral cutaneous股外侧皮神经

　　正文： It arises from the lateral border of the psoas major and runs inferolateral to enter the thigh posterior to the inguinal lig.,just medial to the anterior superior iliac spine. it distribute to the skin over the lateral aspect of the thigh.

　　29张

　　标题： Genitofemoral 生殖股神经

　　正文： It pierces the anterior surface of the psoas major and runs inferiorly ,and divide into femoral and genital branches股支和生殖支 The femoral branche distribute to the skin over the femoral triangle; and the genital branche distribute to the scrotum(greater lip of pudendum)

　　30张

　　标题： 五、 sacral plexus 骶 丛

　　正文： ?

　　?formation ： formed by anterior rami of L4 and L5 spinal nerves (the lumbrosacral trunk) and anterior rami of sacral and coccygeal nerves

　　Position: lies in pelvic cavity, anterior to sacrum and piriformis梨状肌

　　31张

　　标题： 五、 sacral plexus 骶 丛

　　正文： ? main?branches Sciatic nerve 坐骨神经、 Pudendal nerve 阴部神经、 Superior gluteal n. 臀上神经 Inferior glureal n.臀下神经 。

　　32张

　　标题： Sciatic nerve 坐骨神经

　　Leaves pelvis through infrapiriform foramen to enter gluteal region, runs inferiorly deep to gluteus maximus, passing midway between the greater trochanter of femur and ischial tuberosity to back of thigh, lying deep to long head of biceps femoris, normally divided into tibial and common peroneal nerves just above popliteal fossa;

　　33张

　　标题： Sciatic nerve 坐骨神经

　　it innervates semitendinosus半腱肌, semimembranosus半膜肌and biceps femoris股二头肌

　　34张

　　Tibial nerve 胫神经 Decends through popliteal fossa , then runs inferiorly with posterior tibial vessels and dividing into medial and lateral plantar nerves behind the medial malleolus内踝; supplies posterior muscles of leg and knee joint

　　35张

　　标题： Common peroneal nerve

　　Arises at apex of popliteal fossa and follows medial border of biceps femoris and its tendon; passes over posterior aspect of head of fibula and then winds around neck of fibula, deep to peroneus longus, where it divides into deep and superficial peroneal nerves腓浅和腓深神经,to supply the anterior and lateral groups m. of the leg.

　　36张

　　Superficial peroneal

　　Deep peroneal

　　37张

　　38张

　　39张

　　40张

　　41张